Wall house innovates on house design, through a sustainable soft skin. This house was awarded the 2007 AR Emerging Awards and selected as one of the 2008 Record Houses by Architectural Record.
Name: Wall House
Location: Lampa, Santiago, Chile
Completion: 2007
Project Team: FAR frohn&rojas - Marc Frohn, Mario Rojas Toledo, Amy Thoner, Pablo Guzman, Isabel Zapata
Structural Planning Wood: Ingewag Limitada, Santiago; Civil Eng. Mario Wagner
Structural Planning Concrete: Ing. Ernesto Villalon, Santiago
HWAC: Central TechnoPlus / Vaillant, building technology; Nelson Quilaqueo, Christian Aguirre
Model Building: Martin Baden, Dorothee Fritzsche, Carlos Ysenburg
Photos: Cristobal Palma
With a limited budget, our office was asked to design a residence for a retired couple in one of the suburban areas that stretch out from the center of Santiago de Chile along the Pan-American Highway. We were immediately curious about the ambiguous nature of the couple’s purchased lot: while technically being part of a suburban subdivision, the development actually projected a highly rural image through its dirt roads, large lots of more than 50,000 square feet, and most importantly its clever use of tall hedges to enclose the lots on their perimeters and provide a high level of privacy. Finding that the hedges, while blocking off any visual connection to the immediate suburban context yet still opening up to views of the distant Andean mountains, could be understood as an outer layer of building skin, they became an intriguing starting point for the project. Using this new understanding of the hedge, we developed the idea of a house based upon a series of separated wall layers which structure the house and progressively fade it out, starting from its solid, innermost core to its soft and delicate encasing.
While the “traditional” single family home, regardless of locale, typically establishes a strong separation between interior and exterior through solid walls and clearly defined window and door openings, our design creates a gradual and hazy transition between the two, finally including the exterior in its hierarchy of interior spaces. Based on 4 layers, in between which residential activities result, each layer offers its very specific structural, material, functional, atmospheric, or climatic qualities and contributes to an intelligent hierarchy for a limited-budget project: while the innermost zones contain the most demanding functions associated with home (i.e. kitchen and bathroom), the selection of materials and finishes is allowed to ‘roughen up’ toward the exterior. Moving from room to room plays with a perception of moving deeper into or further out, with changes of materiality and lighting providing a range of qualitative experiences and cues.
Layer 1: Concrete Cave
A sturdy and vault-like chamber, this innermost layer is solid, opaque, and shiny-smooth, offering cave-like protection for the most private of domestic activity.
Layer 2: Stacked Shelving
Surrounding the inner core is a pair of upper and lower structural shelving bands, built of engineered wood, formwork panels and plywood, shifted in their relative positions and cantilevering out up to 5.20 meters along the corners.Backed with plywood sheets in select areas while left open in others, the bands set up varying configurations for placement of domestic articles, privacy or openness, and levels of illumination according to program and orientation. The decision to use formwork and plywood as two of the primary materials reflects the specificity of material required by the budget.
Fully contained within the shelving band in a continuity of spaces are the kitchen, dining and guest room on the ground floor and a work studio on the upper. Through the collocation of objects amongst these shelves, passing movement, pattern and lighting changes fluctuate intermittently.
Layer 3: Milky Shell
Moving out to the climate threshold, an upwardly folding translucent skin, or milky shell, of high-insulation polycarbonate panels filters the harsh Chilean sun, registering shadows of trees and outside elements on its surface and flooding the zone with light. A delicate and vertically laid substructure for the panels, typically used in drywall construction and calling for an almost zero-tolerance assembly, was employed for a seamless reading of the panels.
Surrounding the building much like a shrink wrap binds two shifted boxes, this shell creates two partially double-height spaces along the outer corners of the house. Outwardly-focused and filled with an even diffusion of natural light, these two areas include the living room and master bedroom, where expansive sliding glass surfaces extend the spaces outward toward the hedges.
Layer 4: Soft Skin
Finally, a soft fabric membrane typically used in greenhouse environments acts as an energy screen, filtering out up to 70% of the solar energy hitting the building, and at the same time creates a protective barrier against the mosquitoes and insects prevalent in the area.
Wrapping itself entirely around the house and logically connecting along the lengths and corners of the polycarbonate skin, this soft casing creates a tent-like screened porch between inside and out, fully open to breezes and varyingly open to views (employing 3 differing degrees of transparency), yet still providing a protective sheath. As seen from the outside, the aluminum netting and its folds of connectivity create a crisply tailored, jewel-cut form that changes its luminosity and depth of field depending on time of day and season of year. A fold in the membrane opens the path from the exterior towards the main entrance. Additionally there are three zippers in the skin for easy access from the house into the garden.
Both the polycarbonate shell as well as the soft fabric membrane are interesting in the context of this project both through their performative and sensual qualities, but showed their extra-value during the construction process as they could be installed in a quasi-”do-it-yourself”-manner by the mostly untrained labor force.
After having passed through the series of different wall-layers from the interior outward, one understands not only the climatic but also the formal and geometric relationship between them. Starting from a simple rectangular core the different layers build upon one another creating increasingly complex geometries. Thus from the inside out the house describes the transformation from a simple box to a diamond-like, light-reflecting shape, which the house is perceived as from the surrounding.
Wall House Energy Concept
With its separated wall layers the project unites architectural and energy concepts. They become inseparable as in between the different membranes a series of specific climate zones emerges. Thus the individual wall layers do not only build upon one another geometrically, starting from an extruded concrete core developing into a diamond-shaped soft skin, but in the context of the energy concept establish a finely calibrated hierarchy amongst one another.The concrete core and the ground floor concrete slab contain the gas-powered radiant heating. The ground floor is being climatized from the slab, while the concrete core is radiating heat into the openly organized second floor space. For that purpose PEX-hoses are integrated into the concrete elements. During the summer the circuit can be appropriated for passive cooling using a heat pump. In this case the water in the PEX-serpentines is being cooled down to 15 degree Celcius. The component cooling needs far less energy than conventional air conditioning systems.Milky Shell, the translucent / transparent climate envelope wraps itself around all sides of the “interior space” of the house. The envelope consists of extruded, multi-layered polycarbonate panels (40mm, 3 chambers, 1,65 W/m²K) and double glazing (1,4 W/m²K). Two surfaces of the envelope are fully glazed. They contain full-height sliding doors, which – depending on daytime and season – allow a complete opening toward the exterior. On both sides of the ridge there is a long pivot-hung element that can be opened in the summer. The outer skin of the Wall House, Soft Skin, consists of two different woven textiles, the energy screen and an insect membrane. Both materials are commonly used in green house construction.
The energy screen consists of a combination of highly reflective aluminum strips, which are woven together with polymer fibers. The diamond-shaped skin uses – depending on directional orientation – energy screen that reflects between 50 and 75% of the sunlight away from the building. In the triangles close to the ground the energy screen is replaced by the insect membrane. By moving away from the polycarbonate shell up to 4 meters and more on the ground floor a usable exterior space develops under the skin. Mosquitoes and other insects can not penetrate the membrane. It contains three zippers allowing the inhabitants to easily move in and out of the tent.Along the ridge the distance between the two layers Soft Skin and Milky Shell is reduced to roughly 45cm. Air can flow through this remaining gap being able to suck the warm air through the pivot-hung opening out of the interior.Through the spatial and material configuration of the individual wall layers the project develops an appropriate architectural approach of dealing with the local climate (summer between 30-35 degree C, winter up to 10 degree C). The energy efficiency of the house is extremely high for Latin American standards.
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